Category Archives: Neuroanatomy

Vertebral artery segments and branches

Posted by on July 27, 2011 No comments

Vertebral artery arises from the first part of Subclavian artery. Vertebral artery is the first and the largest part of Subclavian artery. Divisions of vertebral artery V1 segment – From origin to transverse process of C6 vertebra V2 segment- Runs …

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Basal ganglia and their classification

Posted by on June 23, 2011 No comments

The basal ganglia is an important part of the brain which program impulses from cerebral cortex and initiates motor activities through cerebellum and corticospinal tracts. Parkinsonism is a disorder in which there is decrease in the dopaminergic neurons in the …

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Cranial Nerves and associated ganglia

Posted by on April 28, 2011 1 comment

Four cranial nerves ,CN III, VII, IX, Xcarry parasympathetic fibres as they emerge from brain stem. The Cranial nerves and their associated ganglia are mentioned below. Oculomotor – Ciliary ganglion. Facial – Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion. Glossopharyngeal – Otic ganglion …

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Mnemonic for 12 cranial nerves and their types.

Posted by on March 15, 2011 1 comment

We know that there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves which originate from the brain and brainstem. Remembering the names of these cranial nerves is easily mastered but it is difficult to remember their type ie whether they are Sensory …

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Brodman areas of brain and their lesions

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

Frontal Lobe Primary motor cortex(Ms1)- Area 4, located in precentral gyrus( front of central sulcus) Premotor area- Area 6 and 8 Prefrontal cortex-9,10,11 Frontal eye field- Common area supplied by premotor area and prefrontal cortex. Supplementary motor area(MsII)- On medial …

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Lemniscus

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

lemniscus : is a bundle of secondary sensory fibers within the brain stem which terminates in specific relay nuclei of the diencephalon There are four Lemnisci Medial lemniscus- Fine touch and pressure. Tactile localization and 2 point discrimination. Lateral lemnicus-Fibres from …

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Ganglia

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

All sensory ganglia are Pseudo unipolar All autonomic ganglia are Multipolar Ganglia cells in retina-Bipolar Truly unipolar cells not found in adults. Trigeminal  ganglion Pseudo unipolar cells Mesencephalic nucleus-Proprioception Main sensory nucleus-Touch and pressure. Spinal nucleus-Pain and temperature Motor nucleus-Proprioceptive …

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Intracranial tumours

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

Tumour above the tentorium cerebelli pushes the midline structures to the opposite side, where as a tumour below the tentorium cerebelli compresses the cerebral aqueduct  causing hydrocephalus. Meningioma- Tumour in falx cerebri, arises from arachnoid cap cells.

Parts of Cerebellum and their functions.

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

Archicerebellum(Floculonodular node) Concerned with maintenance of equilibrium. In lesions of floculonodular node the patient cannot walk on a straight line  with eyes closed. Spinocerebellum(Paleocerebellum) Controls trunk and limb muscles(posture) Neocerebellum(Corticopontocerebellum) Co-ordination of all skillful movements. Lesion causes dysdiadochokinesia. Cerebellar nuclei …

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Motor Pathway

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

Cortex—->Corona radiata—->Internal capsule——->Crus cerebri(CN,CP,CS) Corticonuclear fibres to cerebellum Corticopontine fibres to pons Continues down as cortico spinal tract via the pyramids in medulla Crosses to opposite side in lower part of the pyramids.

Thalamus

Posted by on September 23, 2010 No comments

Relay centre. VPL- All sensations from the CL side of body except from face. VPM-Sensations from CL face.

Blood supply of the brain

Posted by on September 23, 2010 1 comment

Lateral surface The main artery of lateral surface of cerebrum is Middle Cerebral artery. Middle cerebral artery supplies 2/3rd of the middle of lateral surface of cerebrum   Upper part of lateral surface supplied by Anterior Cerebral Artery Lower part …

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Circle Of willis

Posted by on September 21, 2010 1 comment

Image via Wikipedia Circle of Willis is an arterial circle at the BASE of Brain. Parts of Circle of Willis The left and right vertebral arteries join to form Basilar artery Basilar artery divides into 2 posterior cerebral arteries Posterior …

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Speech areas and Aphasia’s

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

Broca’s area(Motor speech area)——-Uncinate fasciculus——Wernicke’s area(Sensory speech area) Lesion in Broca’s area——-Motor aphasia Lesion in Uncinate fasciculus——Conductive aphasia Lesion in Wernicke’s area——-Sensory aphasia. Leasion in all these area—–Global Aphasia Sensory Aphasia Astereognosis—-Tactile aphasia Visual agnosia-Visual aphasia Inability understand speech-Auditory Aphasia

To find spinal level from vertebral level

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

In the cervical region- Add 1 to vertebral level Thoracic region T1-T6———Add 2 T6-T10———-Add 3 T11————–Add 4 T12————–Add 6 At the level of L1——–Add the rest of the spinal segments

Somatic efferent and branchial efferent

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

Muscle’s  developing from the somites are supplied by somatic nerves muscles developing from the pharyngeal arches are supplied by branchial nerves These nerves are also known as somatic efferent and branchial efferent. Branchial efferent is also known as Special visceral …

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Types of Nerve Fibres in Cerebral cortex

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

Projection fibres Connect cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. eg:Corticospinal tract,Internal capsule Association fibres Connect different areas of same cerebral cortex eg:superior longitudinal fasciculus,Inferior longitudinal fas,Perpendiculr fas,cingulum. Commisural fibres Connect identical areas of the two …

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Papez circuit

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

Concerned with memory to recent events. Components Hippocampus———>Fornix———–>Mamillary body—–>Anterior nucleus of thalamus—–>Cingulate gyrus—->Hippocampus. Hippocampus lies in relation to uncus, a tumour compressing uncus can affect the papez circuit

Development of brain

Posted by on September 21, 2010 No comments

Prosencephalon(Forebrain) Telencephalon-Cerebrum Diencephalon-Thalamus,hypothalamus Mesencephalon(Midbrain) Mesecephalon-Midbrain Rhombencephalon(Hindbrain) Metencephalon-Pons,cerebellum Myelencephalon-Medulla ,Spinal cord Cavities Lateral ventricle- Cavity in telencephalon 3rd ventricle-Cavity in diencephalon Cerebral aqueduct-Cavity in mesencephalon 4th ventricle-Cavity in rhombencephalon Mnemonic:Professionals eat from Mess which is Rhomboid in shape.If you are a …

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