Biuret reagent- CuSO4,Sodium potassium tartarate,Potassium iodide in sodium hydroxide
Glycogen storage diseases from1 to 6 can be remembered using the below mentioned mnemonic.
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Anderson’s (IV) vs. Cori’s (III) enzyme defect
ABCD
Anderson’s=Branching enzyme.
Cori’s=Debranching enzyme.
Also see: Glycogen Storage diseases.
Metals and corresponding enzymes is one of the frequently asked questions in MCQ exams.
Rate limiting steps in various biochemical reactions taking place inside cells is of vital importance while formulating drugs to fight specific diseases affecting these reactions. So these rate limiting steps are frequently asked in various entrance exams.
Glycolysis – Phosphofructokinase
Glycogen synthesis - Glycogen synthetase
Glycogenolysis - Glycogen Phosphorylase
Gluconeogenesis – Phosphoenolepyruvate; Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
TCA cycle- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Cholesterol synthesis- HMG CoA Reductase
Bile acid synthesis – 7 alpha hydroxylase
Fatty acid synthesis - acetyl CoA carboxylase
Ketone body synthesis -HMG CoA synthetase
Uric acid synthesis - Xanthine Oxidase
Norepinephrine(catecholamine) synthesis- Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine———–>DOPA(Tyrosine hydroxylase)
Acetylcholine synthesis- Uptake of choline
Urea synthesis – Carbamoyl transferase
Glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion or by secondary active transport with Sodium(in intestine and kidneys)
Glucose transporters(Glut 1-7) are responsible for facilitated diffusion of glucose across cell membranes.
They differ from sodium dependant glucose transporters(SGLT1 and 2)
GLUT-1
Basal glucose uptake
Present in brain,kidney,colon,placenta and erythrocytes.
GLUT 2
Beta cell glucose sensor
Transport glucose out of intestinal and renal epithelial cells
Beta cells of pancreas,liver,Small Intestine,Kidneys.
GLUT 3
Basal glucose uptake
Brain,placenta,Kidney
GLUT4
Insulin stimulated glucose uptake
Present in skeletal and cardiac muscle,adipose tissue.
GLUT 5
Fructose transport
Jejunum and sperm
Glut 6
Pseudogene
GLUT 7
Glucose 6 phosphate transporter in endoplasmic reticulum.
Liver
SGLT 1
Absorption of glucose from Small Intestine and renal tubules
SGLT 2
Absorption of glucose from renal tubules.
Type IV-Anderson’s -Branching enzyme deficiency
Type II-Pompe’s Lysosomal acid Alpha glucosidase deficiency
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