Trigeminal nerve has a small motor unit and a large sensory unit.It has Opthalmic,maxillary,mandibular branches and forms cervical plexus.

The right and left coronary arteries arise from sinuses of valsalva as first branches of the aorta. Posterior descending artery usually arises from right coronary artery hence -Right coronary dominance In 10% people Posterior descending artery may arise from circumflex coronary artery-Left coronary dominance.

Upper part -Renal artery,Gonadal,colic vessels Middle part - Branches from aorta gonadal or iliac vessels Pelvic part- Inferior vesical,middle rectal,uterine,vaginal arteries

CALD - 15,22.5,27.5,40cm

Rt and left phrenic nerves pass in front of scalenus anterior,subclavian artery and root of lungs.

Rigidity is increased tone present throughout range of motion affects flexors and extensors equally.Lead pipe/plastic rigidity/Cogwheel rigidity.Usually present in extrapyramidal disorders.

For inspiration to occur alveolar pressure must be slightly below atmospheric pressure(-1cmwater),during expiration (+1cmwater).

GIP(Gastric inhibitory peptide) -most potent gastric hormone in stimulating insulin release.

Beta -insulin and amylin,Delta -Somatostatin G cell-Gastrin PP cell-Pancreatic polypeptide

Angiotensin I formed in liver.Converted to angiotensin II in lungs by ACE present in endothelium of lung vessels. Cause constriction of efferent arteriole.

Thyroxin secretion starts by 12th week.Insulin, thyroxin and glucocorticoids play important role in fetal growth

Cushings reflex is due to increased CSF pressure.When CSF pressure rises enough to cut off arterial supply to brain, CNS ischemic response sets in, and causes arterial pressure to rise(Increased BP) restoring blood supply to brain.

Km unchanged and Vmax decreased

Nucleoside is purine/pyramidine linked with ribose or deoxy ribose sugar.

IgM, IgG 3,1,2 fix complement via classical pathway. Fab - Antigen binding region.Fab has VL and VH regions. Fc- responsible for physical properties. Unique section of Fab portion of antibody to which antigen binds is called idiotype..

Bacteria use DNA methylation as protection against endonucleases which destroy foriegn DNA. In humans DNA methylation is carried out by DNA methyltransferases.

AUG -Initiator codon, codes for methionine In mitochondria AUA codes for methionine and UGA for tryptophan and AGA and AGG as chain terminators.

DNA is linked by 3' -5' Phosphodiester bonds. 3 forms of DNA are B,A,Z. B-DNA and A-DNA form right handed helix.Z-DNA form left handed helix. Chromosomal DNA is considered to be Z-DNA hence right handed helix. Structure described in 1953

Endonuclease cut DNA in interior not at 5' end. Exonuclease cut DNA at 5' end T4 is a bacteriophage of Ecoli

Nephroblastoma/wilms tumour consists of blastema,mesenchyme and epithelium

Triad of abdominal pain ascites and hepatomegaly.

Lymphocytic histiocytic /Popcorn cells seen.Clasical RS cells are rare Chronic relapsing course, may transform into diffuse large Bcell lymphoma. Good prognosis with survival>80%

Most gut lymphomas are of B cell origin(95%). The small fraction of T cell lymphomas are high grade lesions.

Von Meyenburg complexes are seen close to or within portal tract.These are small clusters of dilated bile ducts embedded in a fibrous/hyalinised stroma

Minimaly elevated in teratoma

Human mitochondria contain small circular double stranded DNA.It constitutes 1% of total cellular DNA. Most common mtDNA disease-MELAS

Only a percentage of Prader Willi and Angelman syndrome are due to uniparental disomy.

Kasabch meritt syndrome is profound thrombocytopenia due to platelet trapping within a vascular tuumor.

It can cause diarrhoea also. Increase serum prolactin levels. Cause galactorrhea in women.

Digitalis cause shortening of QT interval.

Opioid of choice in Hepatic and renal diseases Cause wooden chest syndrome(muscle rigidity)

Long duration of action is due to slow dissociation from Mu receptors.Hence it is resistant to naloxone reversal. It is an antagonist at delta and Kapa receptors -Hence mixed agonist antagonist.. 25 times more potent than morphine.

Cause hyperkalemia,hypertension,increased clot formation,seizures.

Metoxantrone is an antineoplastic agent

Metformin is a biguanide, it causes little or no hypoglycemia

Hyoscyamys niger is the source.

MHC I -Loci are A,B,C MHC II loci are DR,DQ,DP MHC III-concerned with complement system.

C.pseudodipthericum is C.Hoffmani-Non toxigenic

perchloric acid is rocket fuel

Longevity is same as life expectancy at birth

No prior otologic procedures No prior history of otorrhoea

It also results in anemia

In hypersensitivity pneumonitis the cause is an organic agent like in bagassosis,bysinossis,farmer's lung etc.It can also be caused by chemicals as in chemical workers lung(isocyanates)

Watson Schwartz test is a qualitative test for acute intermittent porphyria

Pulmonary embolism

Features of plague.

Patient is suffering from dengue fever

Iron deficiency anemia due to celiac/crohns disease

Hypocarbia/Hyperventilation is needed to reduce ICT not hypercarbia

RDW is an indicator of anisocytosis.Increased RDW in iron deficiency anemia

Leiomyosarcoma metastasize by hematogenous route.Simple mastectomy is mainstay of treatment as the tumour is well circumscribed and well encapsulated.Post operative radiation given to prevent chest wall recurrence.

Clean wounds Clean contaminated wounds Contaminated wounds Dirty wounds

Although it is an androgen danazol has also been used in emergency contraception.Pregnancy rate was 2%

Combined pills reduce the incidence of tubal pregnancy