Barr body is inactive X chromosome seen in Interphase.
Major constituent of surfactant is Di palmatoyl phosphatidyl choline
Thyroid hormone enhance activity of type II pneumatocytes
Insulin ihibits the activity of type II pneumatocytes
Glucocorticoids enhance maturation of surfactant
Surfactant deficiency may occur in
- Occlusion of main bronchus
- Occlusion of pulmonary artery
- Long term inhalation of 100% O2
- Cigarette smokers
Transport of CO2 occurs mainly in form of bicarbonate(70%)>carbamino compounds>dissolved CO2.
Exposure to high CO2 leads to cerebral and cutaneous vasodialtion and vasoconstriction elsewhere.
Increased negative intrathoracic pressure increase length of ventricular muscles.
Nitric oxide acts by stimulating guanyl cyclase raising cGMP and stimulating protein kinase G.
NO and CO are neuromodulators.
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